Evolution of Quantum Entanglement to Teleportation: A Historical Review with Qiskit-based Implementation

Abstract

Quantum entanglement is a key feature of quantum mechanics. It describes connections between quantum systems that classical theories cannot explain. The idea of entanglement started with the Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen (EPR) argument. This argument questioned whether quantum theory was complete and showed the non-classical nature of quantum correlations. Schrödinger later defined the concept and introduced the term "entanglement" to describe composite quantum states that cannot be separated. Bell then created a framework that showed the predictions of quantum mechanics clash with local hidden-variable theories, leading to Bell’s inequality. Experiments by Aspect and others provided strong evidence for the violation of Bell’s inequalities and supported the reality of entanglement. Building on these theories and experiments, quantum teleportation became an important protocol in quantum information science. Bennett and his team proposed a scheme that showed how an unknown quantum state can be sent between distant parties using shared entanglement and classical communication, without sending the quantum system itself. Later experiments confirmed that this protocol works across different physical platforms. This paper reviews the historical development of quantum entanglement and its role in the emergence of quantum teleportation. In addition to the theoretical discussion, the teleportation protocol is implemented using IBM’s Qiskit framework. The simulation results demonstrate the successful transfer of quantum states within the circuit model, illustrating how fundamental quantum communication concepts can be explored using quantum computing simulation tools.